Introduction to Biomimetics

This blog dictates the 14 week journey of the study of a Sugar Glider which is the pet of choice in the subject Engineering and Biomimetics ENG 4223. The reason we choose this subject is due to the interest in the mimicking of nature's diversity in engineering designs which enables us to achieve technological breakthrough where we are today. In accordance to this blog, we would like to thank Dr. Yong Leng Chuan for being the ever understanding lecturer and Dr. Mushtak Al-Atabi for giving us this opportunity to embrace nature's beauty into our engineering capabilities. Hope you enjoy browsing through this enjoy as a token of our appreciation.

Tuesday, June 24, 2014

Reproduction of a Sugar Glider

Gender Differentiation 

Sugar Glider

Male gliders have two penises. New glider owners often mistake them for worms. You will most likely only see his penises when he is sexually active, but they can come out at any time.  Male gliders also have a fully furred scrotal sack that hangs from their lower abdomen.  When a male glider is relaxed, his scrotal sack will hang from a strand of skin that is about ¼ of and inch long. When gliding, jumping, or running, the male will pull his sack close to his body.  A male glider’s testes have usually completed the descent into the scrotal sack by the time he is eighty days old (a little over a week old). 


Sugar Glider


Female gliders have two uteruses and two vaginas. As I will say a bit later, female gliders don’t have a permanent birth canal. A temporary canal forms shortly before the birth of the joeys, and it closes rapidly after the joeys are born. A female glider has a pouch on her lower abdomen.  Inside the pouch it is warm and humid. The female has four nipples inside her pouch. The fur in and around her pouch will become stained if she has had joeys. The female to the left has been nursing two large joeys, so two of her teats have become enlarged. Notice the rust colored staining around and in her pouch area.


Sexual Maturity


Sugar Glider

Gliders can become sexually mature as early as four months old. Because the age of maturity varies for each glider, be prepared for early maturity. There is no physical change in a female glider that would indicate that she has become sexually mature, so if you don’t want her to breed, you need to separate her from an intact male before she reaches four months of age. Even though a female can physically breed at a very young age, it is recommended that you don’t breed females under ten months old. Female gliders will dramatically slow down their reproduction at about four years of age, but they might be able to produce joeys till they are as old as ten.Males have two scent glands that will slowly lose their hair as they mature. These glands are located on the forehead in the middle of their diamond stripe, and in the middle of their chest. If you neuter a male glider, his two bald spots will slowly fill in. Male gliders can reproduce throughout their entire lives once they have reached maturity.


Mating and Pregnancy

Gliders are seasonal breeders in the wild. Gliders generally live in colonies of five to fifteen animals, and the dominate male will breed with all of the females.  In captivity, however, gliders will breed throughout the year.  Female gliders go into heat every twenty-nine days. Ovulation usually occurs two days after the female goes into heat (estrous). If a female is housed with an intact male, he will become very interested in her when she goes into heat. The male will lick her cloaca and try to mount her back. The female might make a hissing noise to indicate that she is ready to mate.  Sperm is transported very quickly, and within and hour the sperm is in the uteri, cervices, or cervical canals.  If the female becomes pregnant, she will give birth sixteen days later.  

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